Full-Stack React, Python, and GraphQL (Part 1)
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The Full-Stack React, Python, and GraphQL Udemy course helps develop impressive, rich full-stack apps with the latest and greatest features of Python, React and GraphQL.
Other parts:
Table of contents
- What I've learned
- Section 1. Getting Started 4min
- Section 2. Intro / Refresher on GraphQL 21min
- Section 3
- Section 4 Building a GraphQL Backend with Django / Graphene 1hr 30min
- 13. Creating Base Django Project 5min
- 14. Making Tracks App / Modeling Track Data 8min
- 15. Adding Track Data / Creating Schema with Graphene-Django 7min
- 16. Integrating GraphiQL for Interact with App Data 3min
- 17. Adding Mutations / Creating New Tracks 5min
- 18. Creating New Users 8min
- 19. Querying Users by ID 2min
- 20. User Authentication with Django-GraphQL-JWT 6min
- 21. Authorization Headers to Get Current Auth User 4min
- 22. Connecting Users with Tracks 7min
- 23. Updating Tracks 7min
- 24. Deleting Tracks 4min
- 25. Adding Likes Model / Creating Likes 9min
- 26. Querying Likes / Querying Tracks with Associated Likes 3min
- 27. Error Handling with GraphQLError 3min
- 28. Adding Full Text Search to our Tracks 7min
What I've learned
- How to build stunning, complete full-stack applications with React and Python
- Create robust Python backends with the Django Web Framework
- Integrate GraphQL with Python using Graphene and Graphene-Django
- Use GraphQL in great depth; from fundamental concepts to using it in full-stack apps
- The latest and greatest React concepts, including React Hooks, React Context and more
- Working with GraphQL on the backend to create a complete API (w/ Django and Graphene)
- GraphQL in React applications in great depth with Apollo Boost, Apollo Client and Apollo Client State
Section 1. Getting Started 4min
1. What You Need for This Course 2min
- We need to have installed Python. We can install it from Download the latest version for Windows or using Chocolatey and search for Python.
- As I have python
3.7.2installed I'm going to executechoco upgrade pythonto upgrade it to the latest version:
Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.17763.379]
(c) 2018 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\Windows\system32>python
Python 3.7.2 (tags/v3.7.2:9a3ffc0492, Dec 23 2018, 23:09:28) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit
Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit
>>> exit()
C:\Windows\system32>choco upgrade python
Chocolatey v0.10.11
Upgrading the following packages:
python
By upgrading you accept licenses for the packages.
python is not installed. Installing...
Progress: Downloading python3 3.7.3... 100%
Progress: Downloading python3 3.7.3... 100%
Progress: Downloading python 3.7.3... 100%
Progress: Downloading python 3.7.3... 100%
python3 v3.7.3 [Approved]
python3 package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps.
The package python3 wants to run 'chocolateyInstall.ps1'.
Note: If you don't run this script, the installation will fail.
Note: To confirm automatically next time, use '-y' or consider:
choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation
Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[N]o/[P]rint): Y
Installing 64-bit python3...
python3 has been installed.
Installed to: 'C:\Python37'
python3 can be automatically uninstalled.
Environment Vars (like PATH) have changed. Close/reopen your shell to
see the changes (or in powershell/cmd.exe just type `refreshenv`).
The upgrade of python3 was successful.
Software installed as 'exe', install location is likely default.
python v3.7.3 [Approved]
python package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps.
The upgrade of python was successful.
Software install location not explicitly set, could be in package or
default install location if installer.
Chocolatey upgraded 2/2 packages.
See the log for details (C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\logs\chocolatey.log).
C:\Windows\system32>python
Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> exit()
C:\Windows\system32>
We also need to have installed Pipenv: Python Dev Workflow for Humans.
Before using
Pipenvwe need it installed pip - The Python Package Installer.
- PIP is already installed with when Python 3 is installed. So we need to ensure the latest version is installled:
C:\Windows\system32>python -m pip install -U pip
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (19.0.3)
- As it is explained on Installing Pipenv, we can use pip to install pipenv.
C:\Windows\system32>python -m pip install -U pip
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (19.0.3)
C:\Windows\system32>
C:\Windows\system32>pip install --user pipenv
Collecting pipenv
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/13/b4/3ffa55f77161cff9a5220f162670f7c5eb00df52e00939e203f601b0f579/pipenv-2018.11.26-py3-none-any.whl (5.2MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 5.2MB 2.3MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools>=36.2.1 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (40.8.0)
Collecting certifi (from pipenv)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/60/75/f692a584e85b7eaba0e03827b3d51f45f571c2e793dd731e598828d380aa/certifi-2019.3.9-py2.py3-none-any.whl (158kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 163kB 1.1MB/s
Collecting virtualenv-clone>=0.2.5 (from pipenv)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e3/d9/d9c56deb483c4d3289a00b12046e41428be64e8236fa210111a1f57cc42d/virtualenv_clone-0.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting virtualenv (from pipenv)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/33/5d/314c760d4204f64e4a968275182b7751bd5c3249094757b39ba987dcfb5a/virtualenv-16.4.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (2.0MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 2.0MB 2.3MB/s
Requirement already satisfied: pip>=9.0.1 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (19.0.3)
Installing collected packages: certifi, virtualenv-clone, virtualenv, pipenv
Successfully installed certifi-2019.3.9 pipenv-2018.11.26 virtualenv-16.4.3 virtualenv-clone-0.5.1
C:\Windows\system32>pipenv --version
pipenv, version 2018.11.26
C:\Windows\system32>
- We need to install
Node.jsdownloading and installing it from Node.js or using Chocolatey Node JS
- I'm going to use
Chocolateyby executing:
C:\Windows\system32>choco install nodejs
Chocolatey v0.10.11
Installing the following packages:
nodejs
By installing you accept licenses for the packages.
Progress: Downloading nodejs.install 11.13.0... 100%
Progress: Downloading nodejs 11.13.0... 100%
nodejs.install v11.13.0 [Approved]
nodejs.install package files install completed. Performing other installation steps.
The package nodejs.install wants to run 'chocolateyInstall.ps1'.
Note: If you don't run this script, the installation will fail.
Note: To confirm automatically next time, use '-y' or consider:
choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation
Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[N]o/[P]rint): Y
Installing 64 bit version
Installing nodejs.install...
nodejs.install has been installed.
nodejs.install may be able to be automatically uninstalled.
Environment Vars (like PATH) have changed. Close/reopen your shell to
see the changes (or in powershell/cmd.exe just type `refreshenv`).
The install of nodejs.install was successful.
Software installed as 'msi', install location is likely default.
nodejs v11.13.0 [Approved]
nodejs package files install completed. Performing other installation steps.
The install of nodejs was successful.
Software install location not explicitly set, could be in package or
default install location if installer.
Chocolatey installed 2/2 packages.
See the log for details (C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\logs\chocolatey.log).
C:\Windows\system32>node --version
v11.13.0
- We need to install
yarndownloading and installing from yarn - FAST, RELIABLE, AND SECURE DEPENDENCY MANAGEMENT. or using Chocolatey yarn.
- I'm going to use
Chocolateyby executing:
C:\Windows\system32>choco install yarn
Chocolatey v0.10.11
Installing the following packages:
yarn
By installing you accept licenses for the packages.
yarn v1.13.0 already installed.
Use --force to reinstall, specify a version to install, or try upgrade.
Chocolatey installed 0/1 packages.
See the log for details (C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\logs\chocolatey.log).
Warnings:
- yarn - yarn v1.13.0 already installed.
Use --force to reinstall, specify a version to install, or try upgrade.
C:\Windows\system32>choco upgrade yarn
Chocolatey v0.10.11
Upgrading the following packages:
yarn
By upgrading you accept licenses for the packages.
You have yarn v1.13.0 installed. Version 1.15.2 is available based on your source(s).
Progress: Downloading yarn 1.15.2... 100%
yarn v1.15.2 [Approved]
yarn package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps.
The package yarn wants to run 'chocolateyinstall.ps1'.
Note: If you don't run this script, the installation will fail.
Note: To confirm automatically next time, use '-y' or consider:
choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation
Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[N]o/[P]rint): Y
Downloading yarn
from 'https://yarnpkg.com/downloads/1.15.2/yarn-1.15.2.msi'
Progress: 100% - Completed download of C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\yarn\1.15.2\yarn-1.15.2.msi (1.5 MB).
Download of yarn-1.15.2.msi (1.5 MB) completed.
Hashes match.
Installing yarn...
yarn has been installed.
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0
Only an exit code of non-zero will fail the package by default. Set
`--failonstderr` if you want error messages to also fail a script. See
`choco -h` for details.
yarn may be able to be automatically uninstalled.
Environment Vars (like PATH) have changed. Close/reopen your shell to
see the changes (or in powershell/cmd.exe just type `refreshenv`).
The upgrade of yarn was successful.
Software installed as 'msi', install location is likely default.
Chocolatey upgraded 1/1 packages.
See the log for details (C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\logs\chocolatey.log).
C:\Windows\system32>yarn --version
1.15.2
- We are also going to use Cloudinary where we can Sign up for free.
2. How to Get Most Out of This Course 2min
To get help from the creator of the course we need to put
@Reedat the begining of the titleIf we want to get help for the other students we don't have to include
@Reed
Section 2. Intro / Refresher on GraphQL 21min
3. Queries, Using GraphiQL, GraphQL compared to REST 5min
- We execute
graphql queriesby accessing SWAPi GraphiQL API
- We execute
REST queriesby accessing SWAPI The Star Wars API
- We can start by executing the following query
request (REST)
GET /api/films/
response
{
"count": 7,
"next": null,
"previous": null,
"results": [
{
"title": "A New Hope",
"episode_id": 4,
"opening_crawl": "It is a period of civil war.\r\nRebel spaceships, striking\r\nfrom a hidden base, have won\r\ntheir first victory against\r\nthe evil Galactic Empire.\r\n\r\nDuring the battle, Rebel\r\nspies managed to steal secret\r\nplans to the Empire's\r\nultimate weapon, the DEATH\r\nSTAR, an armored space\r\nstation with enough power\r\nto destroy an entire planet.\r\n\r\nPursued by the Empire's\r\nsinister agents, Princess\r\nLeia races home aboard her\r\nstarship, custodian of the\r\nstolen plans that can save her\r\npeople and restore\r\nfreedom to the galaxy....",
"director": "George Lucas",
"producer": "Gary Kurtz, Rick McCallum",
"release_date": "1977-05-25",
"characters": [
"https://swapi.co/api/people/1/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/2/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/3/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/4/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/5/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/6/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/7/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/8/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/9/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/10/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/12/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/13/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/14/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/15/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/16/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/18/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/19/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/81/"
],
"planets": [
"https://swapi.co/api/planets/2/",
"https://swapi.co/api/planets/3/",
"https://swapi.co/api/planets/1/"
],
"starships": [
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/2/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/3/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/5/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/9/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/10/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/11/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/12/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/13/"
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"https://swapi.co/api/people/3/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/5/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/13/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/14/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/27/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/84/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/85/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/86/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/87/",
"https://swapi.co/api/people/88/"
],
"planets": ["https://swapi.co/api/planets/61/"],
"starships": [
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/77/",
"https://swapi.co/api/starships/10/"
],
"vehicles": [],
"species": [
"https://swapi.co/api/species/3/",
"https://swapi.co/api/species/2/",
"https://swapi.co/api/species/1/"
],
"created": "2015-04-17T06:51:30.504780Z",
"edited": "2015-12-17T14:31:47.617768Z",
"url": "https://swapi.co/api/films/7/"
}
]
}
With
RESTthere is no way to obtain just thetitles of the filmsdata, for instance.With
GraphQLwe just need to execute a query like the following one to obtain it.
request (GraphQL)
{
allFilms {
films {
title
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"allFilms": {
"films": [
{
"title": "A New Hope"
},
{
"title": "The Empire Strikes Back"
},
{
"title": "Return of the Jedi"
},
{
"title": "The Phantom Menace"
},
{
"title": "Attack of the Clones"
},
{
"title": "Revenge of the Sith"
},
{
"title": "The Force Awakens"
}
]
}
}
}
4. GraphQL Type System / Schema, Object vs. Scalar Types, Arguments 7min
The data returned by a
GraphQLquery is validated by aType System. Each part of the query has an specific type.A
Schemamust be defined for each query. The name, the shape and the type of each piece of data must be defined.We can find more information about the
query schemafromGraphiQLby clicking on<Docs.
- There is always a
rootquery type in eachschema.
- If we click on it we can see all the individual fields that we can query:
- At the end of each field we can see the type of data it returns.
FilmsConnectionsforallFilms, for instance.
request
{
film(filmID: "1") {
title
episodeID
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"film": {
"title": "A New Hope",
"episodeID": 4
}
}
}
- If we pass an invalid data format and error is returned.
request
{
film(filmID: false) {
title
episodeID
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Expected type ID, found false.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 16
}
]
}
]
}
5. Mutations for Creating, Updating, Deleting Data in GraphQL 5min
url
http://bnames.herokuapp.com/graphql
request
{
babies {
name
votes
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"babies": [
{
"name": "Donut",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Eclairs",
"votes": 2
},
{
"name": "Froyo",
"votes": 6
},
{
"name": "Gingerbread",
"votes": 2
},
{
"name": "Icecream Sandwich",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Jellybean",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "KitKat",
"votes": 1
},
{
"name": "Lollipop",
"votes": 3
},
{
"name": "Marshmallow",
"votes": 2
},
{
"name": "Nougat",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Oreo",
"votes": 1
},
{
"name": "Pie",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Dungle",
"votes": 3
},
{
"name": "James",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "js1317",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Andriy",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Fred",
"votes": 1
},
{
"name": "Test Baby",
"votes": 9
},
{
"name": "james",
"votes": 0
},
{
"name": "Jimmy",
"votes": 0
}
]
}
}
request
mutation {
createBaby(babyInfo: { name: "Juan", votes: 5 }) {
name
votes
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"createBaby": {
"name": "Juan",
"votes": 5
}
}
}
request
mutation {
upVote(name: "Juan") {
name
votes
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"upVote": {
"name": "Juan",
"votes": 6
}
}
}
6. Dynamic Values in Queries / Mutations with GraphQL Variables 4min
url
http://bnames.herokuapp.com/graphql
request
mutation($name: String!, $votes: Int!) {
createBaby(babyInfo: { name: $name, votes: $votes }) {
name
votes
}
}
Query variables
{
"name": "Juan",
"votes": 6
}
response
{
"data": {
"createBaby": {
"name": "Juan",
"votes": 6
}
}
}
Section 3
Intro to Graphene / GraphQL in Python 29min
7. Hello World in Graphene 6min
- We are going to create a small GraphQL application with
Pythonand Graphene Python that allows usingGraphQLin conjunction withPython.
Create the
python-graphenefolder and theschema.pydocument insideExecute the command
pipenv shellinside that folder with theVisual Studio CodeEditor.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ pipenv shell
Creating a virtualenv for this project…
Pipfile: C:\Work\Training\Pre\GraphQL\full-stack-react-python-and-graphql\python-graphene\PipfileUsing c:\python37\python.exe (3.7.3) to create virtualenv…
[= ] Creating virtual environment...Already using interpreter c:\python37\python.exe
Using base prefix 'c:\\python37'
New python executable in C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\python-graphene-anuBwtVV\Scripts\python.exe
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
Successfully created virtual environment!
Virtualenv location: C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\python-graphene-anuBwtVV
Creating a Pipfile for this project…
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
- It has created a
virtual environmentfor the project and thePipfile.
::: info Pipfile is a toml type file, so we need to install the Better TOML extension :::
Pipfile
[[source]]
name = "pypi"
url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
[dev-packages]
[packages]
[requires]
python_version = "3.7"
- If we want to enter the
pipenv shellwe just to need type the following
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ pipenv shell
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
- If we want to exit the
pipenv enviromentwe have just to executeexit
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ exit
exit
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
- We need to install
graphineusing pipenv:
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ pipenv install graphene
Installing graphene…
Adding graphene to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Success!
Updated Pipfile.lock (687cd2)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (687cd2)…
================================ 7/7 - 00:00:08
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
- Apart from installing
graphineit also modifies thePipfiledocument
[[source]]
name = "pypi"
url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
[dev-packages]
[packages]
graphene = "*"
[requires]
python_version = "3.7"
We are going to create a
Helloquery that returns theWorld!string usinggraphineWe need to import the
graphinelibrary and create a class calledQuery. The class needs to have aresolve_namemethod for eachnamequery that we wants to create.We also needs to create a Schema by using
graphene.Schema()
schema.py
import graphene
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
hello = graphene.String()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
hello
}
'''
)
print(result.data.items())
- We can execute it by using
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
odict_items([('hello', 'World')])
- We can modify it to use json
schema.py
import graphene
import json
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
hello = graphene.String()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
hello
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"hello": "World"
}
8. Syntax in Graphene / Snakecase vs Camelcase 2min
The schema must always been written in
CamelCaseWe can add a new
is_adminmethod
schema.py
import graphene
import json
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
is_admin
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
)
- If we try to execute it we got an error:
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "schema.py", line 26, in <module>
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'items'
- The reason is because the name in the schema must be
IsAdmininstead ofis_admin
schema.py
import graphene
import json
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
isAdmin
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"isAdmin": true
}
- We can change this behaviour by using
auto-camelcase=False
schema.py
import graphene
import json
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, auto_camelcase=False)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
is_admin
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"is_admin": true
}
9. Object Types, Arguments in Queries 5min
We can create another resolver that returns a list of Users.
We first need to create a new Class with the User structure and then the new
resolve_usersmethod.
schema.py
import graphene
import json
from datetime import datetime
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID()
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime()
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User)
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
]
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
users {
id
username
createdAt
}
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"users": [
{
"id": "1",
"username": "Fred",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T10:23:24.129563"
},
{
"id": "2",
"username": "Doug",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T10:23:24.129563"
}
]
}
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
- We can include parameters in the queries by adding them in the definition
schema.py
import graphene
import json
from datetime import datetime
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID()
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime()
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
users(limit: 1) {
id
username
createdAt
}
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"users": [
{
"id": "1",
"username": "Fred",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T10:32:16.680493"
}
]
}
10. Mutations / Default Values 5min
- We need to use the class Mutation to use
Mutations
schema.py
import graphene
import json
from datetime import datetime
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID()
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime()
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(User)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, username):
user = User(id="3", username=username, created_at=datetime.now())
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
result = schema.execute(
'''
mutation {
createUser(username: "Jeff") {
user {
id
username
createdAt
}
}
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"createUser": {
"user": {
"id": "3",
"username": "Jeff",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T10:45:03.654209"
}
}
}
- We can assign default values by using
default_value
schema.py
import graphene
import json
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID(default_value=str(uuid.uuid4()))
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime(default_value=datetime.now())
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(User)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, username):
user = User(username=username)
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
result = schema.execute(
'''
mutation {
createUser(username: "Jeff") {
user {
id
username
createdAt
}
}
}
'''
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"createUser": {
"user": {
"id": "a2f9b2fa-d45a-4a36-8834-ebb4dd9f40fa",
"username": "Jeff",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T10:51:03.164893"
}
}
}
11. Variables in Queries / Mutations 4min
- We can use variables in queries as it was explained in the
6. Dynamic Values in Queries / Mutations with GraphQL Variableschapter.
schema.py
import graphene
import json
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID(default_value=str(uuid.uuid4()))
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime(default_value=datetime.now())
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(User)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, username):
user = User(username=username)
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
result = schema.execute(
'''
mutation ($username: String) {
createUser(username: $username) {
user {
id
username
createdAt
}
}
}
''',
variable_values={
'username': 'Dave'
}
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"createUser": {
"user": {
"id": "d328f500-c589-4a66-8a81-3d2caea9cd65",
"username": "Dave",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T11:15:24.269330"
}
}
}
- We can use argument with the Query as well
schema.py
import graphene
import json
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
.
.
.
result = schema.execute(
'''
query getusersQuery ($limit: Int) {
users(limit: $limit) {
id
username
createdAt
}
}
''',
variable_values={
'limit': 1
}
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"users": [
{
"id": "1",
"username": "Fred",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T11:35:14.708658"
}
]
}
12. Self and Info Values 7min
- We can create a new
CreatePostmutation to add new posts.
schema.py
import graphene
import json
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
class Post(graphene.ObjectType):
title = graphene.String()
content = graphene.String()
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID(default_value=str(uuid.uuid4()))
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime(default_value=datetime.now())
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(User)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, username):
user = User(username=username)
return CreateUser(user=user)
class CreatePost(graphene.Mutation):
post = graphene.Field(Post)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
content = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, title, content):
post = Post(title=title, content=content)
return CreatePost(post=post)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
create_post = CreatePost.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
result = schema.execute(
'''
mutation {
createPost(title: "Hello", content: "World!") {
post {
title
content
}
}
}
'''
# ,
# variable_values={
# 'username': 'Dave'
# }
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"createPost": {
"post": {
"title": "Hello",
"content": "World!"
}
}
}
- We can use
contextto avoid users not authenticated to create posts. We cabn grab values from context by usinginfo.context.get
schema.py
import graphene
import json
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
class Post(graphene.ObjectType):
title = graphene.String()
content = graphene.String()
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID(default_value=str(uuid.uuid4()))
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime(default_value=datetime.now())
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(User)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, username):
user = User(username=username)
return CreateUser(user=user)
class CreatePost(graphene.Mutation):
post = graphene.Field(Post)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
content = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, title, content):
print(info.context.get('is_anonymous'))
post = Post(title=title, content=content)
return CreatePost(post=post)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
create_post = CreatePost.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
result = schema.execute(
'''
mutation {
createPost(title: "Hello", content: "World!") {
post {
title
content
}
}
}
''',
context={'is_anonymous': True}
# ,
# variable_values={
# 'username': 'Dave'
# }
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
True
{
"createPost": {
"post": {
"title": "Hello",
"content": "World!"
}
}
}
schema.py
.
.
.
def mutate(self, info, title, content):
if info.context.get('is_anonymous'):
raise Exception('Not authenticated!')
post = Post(title=title, content=content)
return CreatePost(post=post)
.
.
.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
An error occurred while resolving field Mutation.createPost
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\python-graphene-anuBwtVV\lib\site-packages\graphql\execution\executor.py", line 447, in resolve_or_error
return executor.execute(resolve_fn, source, info, **args)
File "C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\python-graphene-anuBwtVV\lib\site-packages\graphql\execution\executors\sync.py", line 16, in execute
return fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "schema.py", line 56, in mutate
raise Exception('Not authenticated!')
Exception: Not authenticated!
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\python-graphene-anuBwtVV\lib\site-packages\graphql\execution\executor.py", line 447, in resolve_or_error
return executor.execute(resolve_fn, source, info, **args)
File "C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\python-graphene-anuBwtVV\lib\site-packages\graphql\execution\executors\sync.py", line 16, in execute
return fn(*args, **kwargs)
File "schema.py", line 56, in mutate
raise Exception('Not authenticated!')
graphql.error.located_error.GraphQLLocatedError: Not authenticated!
{
"createPost": null
}
- We can use
selfto obtain values from the own class.
schema.py
import graphene
import json
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
class Post(graphene.ObjectType):
title = graphene.String()
content = graphene.String()
class User(graphene.ObjectType):
id = graphene.ID(default_value=str(uuid.uuid4()))
username = graphene.String()
created_at = graphene.DateTime(default_value=datetime.now())
avatar_url = graphene.String()
def resolve_avatar_url(self, info):
return 'https://cloudinary.com/{}/{}'.format(self.username, self.id)
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
users = graphene.List(User, limit=graphene.Int())
hello = graphene.String()
is_admin = graphene.Boolean()
def resolve_hello(self, info):
return "World"
def resolve_is_admin(self, info):
return True
def resolve_users(self, info, limit=None):
return [
User(id="1", username="Fred", created_at=datetime.now()),
User(id="2", username="Doug", created_at=datetime.now())
][:limit]
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(User)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, username):
user = User(username=username)
return CreateUser(user=user)
class CreatePost(graphene.Mutation):
post = graphene.Field(Post)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
content = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, title, content):
if info.context.get('is_anonymous'):
raise Exception('Not authenticated!')
post = Post(title=title, content=content)
return CreatePost(post=post)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
create_post = CreatePost.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
result = schema.execute(
'''
{
users {
id
username
createdAt
avatarUrl
}
}
'''
# ,context={'is_anonymous': True}
# ,variable_values={
# 'username': 'Dave'
# }
)
dictResult = dict(result.data.items())
print(json.dumps(dictResult, indent=2))
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/python-graphene (master)
$ python schema.py
{
"users": [
{
"id": "1",
"username": "Fred",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T12:29:37.484078",
"avatarUrl": "https://cloudinary.com/Fred/1"
},
{
"id": "2",
"username": "Doug",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T12:29:37.484078",
"avatarUrl": "https://cloudinary.com/Doug/2"
}
]
}
Section 4 Building a GraphQL Backend with Django / Graphene 1hr 30min
13. Creating Base Django Project 5min
Once the
react-trackfolder is created we are going to open it withVisual Studio CodeCrete the
pipenv shell
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)$ pipenv shell
Creating a virtualenv for this project…
Pipfile: C:\Work\Training\Pre\GraphQL\full-stack-react-python-and-graphql\react-tracks\Pipfile
Using c:\python37\python.exe (3.7.3) to create virtualenv…[ ===] Creating virtual environment...
Using base prefix 'c:\\python37'
New python executable in C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\react-tracks-g1pHo-WK\Scripts\python.exe
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...
done.
Successfully created virtual environment!
Virtualenv location: C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\.virtualenvs\react-tracks-g1pHo-WK
Creating a Pipfile for this project…
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
- The first package that we are going to install is the Django web framework that is a Python-based free and open-source web framework, which follows the model-view-template (MVT) architectural pattern. It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.
Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. The framework emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, less code, low coupling, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself. Python is used throughout, even for settings files and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.
Some well-known sites that use Django include the Public Broadcasting Service, Instagram, Mozilla, The Washington Times, Disqus, Bitbucket and Nextdoor. It was used on Pinterest, but later the site moved to a framework built over Flask.
- We are also going to install other packages related to
DjangoandGraphine.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
$ pipenv install django graphene-django django-graphql-jwt django-cors-headers
Installing django…
Adding django to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Installing graphene-django…
Adding graphene-django to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Installing django-graphql-jwt…
Adding django-graphql-jwt to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Installing django-cors-headers…
[ ==]to Pipfile's Installing... [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Locking Failed!
- If we execute it again it works correctly
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
$ pipenv install django graphene-django django-graphql-jwt django-cors-headers
Installing django…
Adding django to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Installing graphene-django…
Adding graphene-django to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Installing django-graphql-jwt…
Adding django-graphql-jwt to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Installing django-cors-headers…
Adding django-cors-headers to Pipfile's [packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Success!
Updated Pipfile.lock (b756a2)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (b756a2)…
================================ 14/14 - 00:00:07
- We are going to install the autopep8 development pack that utomatically formats Python code to conform to the PEP 8 style guide. It uses the pycodestyle utility to determine what parts of the code needs to be formatted. autopep8 is capable of fixing most of the formatting issues that can be reported by pycodestyle.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
$ pipenv install --dev autopep8
Installing autopep8…
Adding autopep8 to Pipfile's [dev-packages]…
Installation Succeeded
Pipfile.lock (a06c0e) out of date, updating to (b756a2)…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Success!
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Success!
Updated Pipfile.lock (a06c0e)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (a06c0e)…
================================ 16/16 - 00:00:09
- The
Pipfiledocument after installing the packs contains the following information
Pipfile
[[source]]
name = "pypi"
url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
[dev-packages]
autopep8 = "*"
[packages]
django = "*"
graphene-django = "*"
django-graphql-jwt = "*"
django-cors-headers = "*"
[requires]
python_version = "3.7"
- We are going to create the
app djangoproject by using:
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
$ django-admin startproject app
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
- The next step will be create a database with its tables, we can create an initial django database by executing the
manage.pydocument created bydjango:
app/manage.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys
if __name__ == '__main__':
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'app.settings')
try:
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
except ImportError as exc:
raise ImportError(
"Couldn't import Django. Are you sure it's installed and "
"available on your PYTHONPATH environment variable? Did you "
"forget to activate a virtual environment?"
) from exc
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
(react-tracks)
- It has created the
db.sqlite3document database
- We can use a cllient like DB Browser for SQLite to open the database:
- In order to run keep the
django apprunning we have to executepython manage.py runserver
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
March 30, 2019 - 17:23:11
Django version 2.1.7, using settings 'app.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
Error: [WinError 10013] An attempt was made to access a socket in a way forbidden by its access permissions
(react-tracks)
- The previous error happens because the
8000port is already opened by another program. We can trypython manage.py runserver 9000instead to execute it in the9000port.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py runserver 9000
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
March 30, 2019 - 17:27:03
Django version 2.1.7, using settings 'app.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:9000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
- We can navegate there:
14. Making Tracks App / Modeling Track Data 8min
Django separates the project into individual apps, it is a separation of concerns. We need an individual app according to the type of data that we have.
In our application we want two types of data:
TrackandUserWe can create the
Trackapp by executingpython manage.py startapp tracksfrom theappfolder.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py startapp tracks
(react-tracks)
We need to model our tracks by modifying the
app/tracks/models.pydocument.We can find more information about creating the models on Django documentation - The model layer
app/tracks/models.py
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Track(models.Model):
# id will be created automatically
title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
description = models.TextField(blank=True) # we make it optional by using blank=True
url = models.URLField()
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # It is automatically populated
- We need to modify the
app/app/settings.pydocument to tellDjangowe want to use theTrackModel. We need to add thetracksname to theINSTALLED_APPSarray.
app/app/settings.py
"""
Django settings for app project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.1.7.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/
"""
import os
# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'kpwro5ldvma_r_nlb&_cjtwm0emgpr@#x1-vlm3lb84f!7!-m0'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'tracks'
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'app.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'app.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
- We also need to execute the
python manage.py makemigrationsandpython manage.py migratecommands to letdjangocreate the new model in the database.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'tracks':
tracks\migrations\0001_initial.py
- Create model Track
(react-tracks)
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, tracks
Running migrations:
Applying tracks.0001_initial... OK
(react-tracks)
15. Adding Track Data / Creating Schema with Graphene-Django 7min
- We can access the
django shellto insert data in our new table by using thepython manage.py shellcommand.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py shell
Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 22:22:05) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from tracks.models import Track
>>> Track.objects.create(title="Track 1", description="Track 1 Description", url="https://track1.com")
<Track: Track object (1)>
>>> Track.objects.create(title="Track 2", description="Track 2 Description", url="https://track2.com")
<Track: Track object (2)>
>>> exit()
(react-tracks)
We need to modify the
app/app/settings.pydocument to tellDjangowe want to usegraphene-djangoby adding it to theINSTALLED_APPSarray.We also need to add a reference to the Schema file so that
Djangocan find it by adding theGRAPHENEobject.
app/app/settings.py
.
.
.
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'graphene-django',
'tracks'
]
GRAPHENE = {
'SCHEMA': 'app.schema.schema'
}
MIDDLEWARE = [
.
.
.
- We need to create the
app/track/schema.pydocument to define theTrackschema we want to use:
app/track/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
- We also need to create the
app/app/schema.pydocument to define the main schema.
app/app/schema.py
import graphene
import tracks.schema
class Query(tracks.schema.Query, graphene.ObjectType):
pass
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query)
16. Integrating GraphiQL for Interact with App Data 3min
- To set up graphical Id we need to modify the
app/app/urls.py
- We also need to add a reference to the Schema file so that
Djangocan find it by adding theGRAPHENEobject.
app/app/urls.py
"""app URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from graphene_django.views import GraphQLView
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('graphql/', csrf_exempt(GraphQLView.as_view(graphiql=True))),
]
- We can run the app by executing
python manage.py runserver 9000
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py runserver 9000
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
March 31, 2019 - 05:42:25
Django version 2.1.7, using settings 'app.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:9000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
- We have to browse http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/
request
{
tracks {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00"
},
{
"id": "2",
"title": "Track 2",
"description": "Track 2 Description",
"url": "https://track2.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:16:09.192365+00:00"
}
]
}
}
17. Adding Mutations / Creating New Tracks 5min
- We need to modify the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to add mutations.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
track = Track(title=title, description=description, url=url)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
- We also need to modify the
app/app/schema.pydocument to include the mutation.
app/app/schema.py
import graphene
import tracks.schema
class Query(tracks.schema.Query, graphene.ObjectType):
pass
class Mutation(tracks.schema.Mutation, graphene.ObjectType):
pass
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
request
mutation {
createTrack(
title: "Track 3"
description: "Track 3 Description"
url: "https://track3.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"createTrack": {
"track": {
"id": "3",
"title": "Track 3",
"description": "Track 3 Description",
"url": "https://track3.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-31T05:19:36.328234+00:00"
}
}
}
}
18. Creating New Users 8min
- In order to manage the users we are going to create the
usersfolder with theschema.pydocument inside it.
- Out of the box,
Djangoprovides a user model, so, there is no need to create it again.
app/users/schema.py
import graphene
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
class UserType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = get_user_model()
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String(required=True)
password = graphene.String(required=True)
email = graphene.String(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, username, password, email):
user = get_user_model()(
username=username,
email=email
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save()
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
- We also need to modify the
app/app/schema.pydocument to include the new User Type.
app/app/schema.py
import graphene
import tracks.schema
import users.schema
class Query(tracks.schema.Query, graphene.ObjectType):
pass
class Mutation(users.schema.Mutation, tracks.schema.Mutation, graphene.ObjectType):
pass
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
- We need to run the app by executing
python manage.py runserver 9000
- We can filter the fields returned by using
only_fields.
app/users/schema.py
.
.
.
class UserType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = get_user_model()
only_fields = ('id', 'email', 'password', 'username')
.
.
.
- We are going to create a user.
request
mutation {
createUser(username: "Juan", password: "juan", email: "juan@msn.com") {
user {
id
username
password
email
dateJoined
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"createUser": {
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"password": "pbkdf2_sha256$120000$s0zhOR5pcnoA$e2+O9ZllI01yk5S5vOKmbHHnsK/aQYOMVhmda6CPDhQ=",
"email": "juan@msn.com",
"dateJoined": "2019-03-31T09:34:08.602017+00:00"
}
}
}
}
19. Querying Users by ID 2min
- We are going to modify the
app/users/schema.pyand theapp/app/schema.pydocuments to include query for users.
app/users/schema.py
import graphene
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
class UserType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = get_user_model()
# to return only the fields included
# only_fields = ('id', 'email', 'password', 'username')
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
user = graphene.Field(UserType, id=graphene.Int(required=True))
def resolve_user(self, info, id):
return get_user_model().objects.get(id=id)
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String(required=True)
password = graphene.String(required=True)
email = graphene.String(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, username, password, email):
user = get_user_model()(
username=username,
email=email
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save()
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
- We can query one user:
request
{
user(id: 2) {
id
username
password
email
dateJoined
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"password": "pbkdf2_sha256$120000$s0zhOR5pcnoA$e2+O9ZllI01yk5S5vOKmbHHnsK/aQYOMVhmda6CPDhQ=",
"email": "juan@msn.com",
"dateJoined": "2019-03-31T09:34:08.602017+00:00"
}
}
}
20. User Authentication with Django-GraphQL-JWT 6min
- We are going to use Django GraphQL JWT to obtain a JSON Web Token that we are going to use to authenticate our API.
We need to modify the
app/app/settings.pydocument to set up the use of it.Add
AuthenticationMiddlewaremiddleware to yourMIDDLEWAREsettings:
MIDDLEWARE = [
...
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
...
]
- Add
JSONWebTokenMiddlewaremiddleware to yourGRAPHENEsettings:
GRAPHENE = {
'SCHEMA': 'mysite.myschema.schema',
'MIDDLEWARE': [
'graphql_jwt.middleware.JSONWebTokenMiddleware',
],
}
- Add
JSONWebTokenBackendbackend to yourAUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS:
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = [
'graphql_jwt.backends.JSONWebTokenBackend',
'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
]
app/app/settings.py
"""
Django settings for app project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.1.7.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/
"""
import os
# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'kpwro5ldvma_r_nlb&_cjtwm0emgpr@#x1-vlm3lb84f!7!-m0'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'graphene_django',
'tracks'
]
GRAPHENE = {
'SCHEMA': 'app.schema.schema',
'MIDDLEWARE': [
'graphql_jwt.middleware.JSONWebTokenMiddleware',
],
}
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
]
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = [
'graphql_jwt.backends.JSONWebTokenBackend',
'django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'app.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [],
'APP_DIRS': True,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'app.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
}
}
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
- We also need to modify the
app/app/schema.pyto include newmutationsfor the token management.
app/app/schema.py
import graphene
import tracks.schema
import users.schema
import graphql_jwt
class Query(users.schema.Query, tracks.schema.Query, graphene.ObjectType):
pass
class Mutation(users.schema.Mutation, tracks.schema.Mutation, graphene.ObjectType):
token_auth = graphql_jwt.ObtainJSONWebToken.Field()
verify_token = graphql_jwt.Verify.Field()
refresh_token = graphql_jwt.Refresh.Field()
schema = graphene.Schema(query=Query, mutation=Mutation)
- We finally need to modify the
app/user/schema.pydocument to change theQueryclass to include theresolve_medef.
app/user/schema.py
import graphene
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
class UserType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = get_user_model()
# to return only the fields included
# only_fields = ('id', 'email', 'password', 'username')
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
user = graphene.Field(UserType, id=graphene.Int(required=True))
me = graphene.Field(UserType)
def resolve_user(self, info, id):
return get_user_model().objects.get(id=id)
def resolve_me(self, info):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Not logged in!')
return user
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String(required=True)
password = graphene.String(required=True)
email = graphene.String(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, username, password, email):
user = get_user_model()(
username=username,
email=email
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save()
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
- If we try to use the
mequery aNot logged in!message error is thrown:
request
{
me {
id
username
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Not logged in!",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 2
}
],
"path": ["me"]
}
],
"data": {
"me": null
}
}
- We need to use the
tokenAuthmuttation to get the token.
request
mutation {
tokenAuth(username: "Juan", password: "juan") {
token
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tokenAuth": {
"token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQwMjkyMTEsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQwMjg5MTF9.qJvqrIEkEjaJvgJK9Tn-Dbwjf6JsT3ixIkkJR4Rdx3s"
}
}
}
- If we put invalid credentails an error is thrown:
request
mutation {
tokenAuth(username: "Juan2", password: "juan") {
token
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Please, enter valid credentials",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["tokenAuth"]
}
],
"data": {
"tokenAuth": null
}
}
21. Authorization Headers to Get Current Auth User 4min
GraphiQLdoesn't allow to passHeadervalues with the request. We are going to useInsomniainstead. We can install it from GraphQL + Insomnia or []insomnia chocolatey.
- I'm going to use
Chocolateyby executing:
C:\Windows\system32>choco install insomnia-rest-api-client
Chocolatey v0.10.11
Installing the following packages:
insomnia-rest-api-client
By installing you accept licenses for the packages.
Progress: Downloading insomnia-rest-api-client 6.3.2... 100%
insomnia-rest-api-client v6.3.2 [Approved]
insomnia-rest-api-client package files install completed. Performing other installation steps.
The package insomnia-rest-api-client wants to run 'chocolateyinstall.ps1'.
Note: If you don't run this script, the installation will fail.
Note: To confirm automatically next time, use '-y' or consider:
choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation
Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[N]o/[P]rint): Y
Downloading insomnia-rest-api-client
from 'https://github.com/getinsomnia/insomnia/releases/download/v6.3.2/Insomnia.Setup.6.3.2.exe'
Progress: 100% - Completed download of C:\Users\juan.pablo.perez\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\insomnia-rest-api-client\6.3.2\Insomnia.Setup.6.3.2.exe (114.13 MB).
Download of Insomnia.Setup.6.3.2.exe (114.13 MB) completed.
Hashes match.
Installing insomnia-rest-api-client...
insomnia-rest-api-client has been installed.
The install of insomnia-rest-api-client was successful.
Software installed as 'exe', install location is likely default.
Chocolatey installed 1/1 packages.
See the log for details (C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\logs\chocolatey.log).
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ pipenv shell
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks (master)
$ cd app
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py runserver 9000
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
March 31, 2019 - 12:18:50
Django version 2.1.7, using settings 'app.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:9000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
request
curl --request POST \
--url http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/ \
--header 'authorization: JWT eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQwMjkyMTEsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQwMjg5MTF9.qJvqrIEkEjaJvgJK9Tn-Dbwjf6JsT3ixIkkJR4Rdx3s' \
--header 'content-type: application/json' \
{
me {
id
username
email
password
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"me": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com",
"password": "pbkdf2_sha256$120000$s0zhOR5pcnoA$e2+O9ZllI01yk5S5vOKmbHHnsK/aQYOMVhmda6CPDhQ="
}
}
}
22. Connecting Users with Tracks 7min
- We need to modify the
app/tracks/models.pydocument to add the newposted_byfield to theTrackmodel.
app/tracks/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
# Create your models here.
class Track(models.Model):
# id will be created automatically
title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
# we make it optional by using blank=True
description = models.TextField(blank=True)
url = models.URLField()
# It is automatically populated
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
posted_by = models.ForeignKey(
get_user_model(), null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
- Once the new field is included it has to be added to the database. There are two steps to do that:
- Create the
migrationsby executingpython manage.py makemigrations
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'tracks':
tracks\migrations\0002_track_posted_by.py
- Add field posted_by to track
app/tracks/migrations/0002_track_posted_by.py
# Generated by Django 2.1.7 on 2019-04-01 05:03
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
('tracks', '0001_initial'),
]
operations = [
migrations.AddField(
model_name='track',
name='posted_by',
field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
),
]
- Execute the
migrationscreated by runningpython manage.py migrate.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, tracks
Running migrations:
Applying tracks.0002_track_posted_by... OK
- We need to update the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to update theCreateTrackMutation.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user or None
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
- We can test it by executing a new mutation to add a track
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py runserver 9000
Performing system checks...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
April 01, 2019 - 06:15:07
Django version 2.1.7, using settings 'app.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:9000/
Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
request
mutation {
createTrack(
title: "Track 4"
description: "Track 4 Description"
url: "https://track4.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
}
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Cannot assign \"<SimpleLazyObject: <django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser object at 0x0000025469D399B0>>\": \"Track.posted_by\" must be a \"User\" instance.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["createTrack"]
}
],
"data": {
"createTrack": null
}
}
The reason of the error is that we are not authenticated.
We can improve the mutation to show a message if the user is not authenticated.
app/tracks/schema.py
.
.
.
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description, url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
.
.
.
- If we execute the request again the message is shown.
request
mutation {
createTrack(
title: "Track 4"
description: "Track 4 Description"
url: "https://track4.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
}
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Log in to add a track.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["createTrack"]
}
],
"data": {
"createTrack": null
}
}
We need to obtain a token and use
insomniato put the token in the headerIf we execute the request again the message is shown.
request
mutation {
tokenAuth(username: "Juan", password: "juan") {
token
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tokenAuth": {
"token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQwOTY1NzcsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQwOTYyNzd9.9uOsoT-Br1oStighcDi1d18Gs2etz_7VJbDYUbBOjq8"
}
}
}
request
curl --request POST \
--url http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/ \
--header 'authorization: JWT eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQwOTY1NzcsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQwOTYyNzd9.9uOsoT-Br1oStighcDi1d18Gs2etz_7VJbDYUbBOjq8' \
--header 'content-type: application/json' \
mutation {
createTrack(
title: "Track 4"
description: "Track 4 Description"
url: "https://track4.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"createTrack": {
"track": {
"id": "4",
"title": "Track 4",
"description": "Track 4 Description",
"url": "https://track4.com",
"createdAt": "2019-04-01T05:26:05.536286+00:00"
}
}
}
}
- If we now query for all of the tracks:
request
{
tracks {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
{
"id": "2",
"title": "Track 2",
"description": "Track 2 Description",
"url": "https://track2.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:16:09.192365+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
{
"id": "3",
"title": "Track 3",
"description": "Track 3 Description",
"url": "https://track3.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-31T05:19:36.328234+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
{
"id": "4",
"title": "Track 4",
"description": "Track 4 Description",
"url": "https://track4.com",
"createdAt": "2019-04-01T05:26:05.536286+00:00",
"postedBy": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
}
}
23. Updating Tracks 7min
- We need to update the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to create the newUpdateTrackMutation.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class UpdateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, track_id, title, url, description):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to update this track.')
track.title = title
track.description = description
track.url = url
track.save()
return UpdateTrack(track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
update_track = UpdateTrack.Field()
- If we execute the new mutation without authenticate we receive an error
request
mutation {
updateTrack(
trackId: 4
title: "Track 4 updated"
description: "Track 4 Description updated"
url: "https://track4bis.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Not permitted to update this track.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["updateTrack"]
}
],
"data": {
"updateTrack": null
}
}
- I'm going to create a new user and try to update the track 4 created by
juanwith a token from the new user:
request
mutation {
createUser(username: "Pablo", password: "pablo", email: "juan@msn.com") {
user {
id
username
password
email
dateJoined
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"createUser": {
"user": {
"id": "3",
"username": "Pablo",
"password": "pbkdf2_sha256$120000$3CmNdlBCbwDO$G7u5dlQK1ojJFd5Wa07SIODUnedXKfE9/JxiSV32/QY=",
"email": "juan@msn.com",
"dateJoined": "2019-04-01T05:43:02.913187+00:00"
}
}
}
}
request
mutation {
tokenAuth(username: "Pablo", password: "pablo") {
token
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tokenAuth": {
"token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6IlBhYmxvIiwiZXhwIjoxNTU0MDk3ODA3LCJvcmlnSWF0IjoxNTU0MDk3NTA3fQ.GVeGZtN3gq9P_h50q6MQOISL-zjJ8gR9JbAa8Ccc-eo"
}
}
}
request
curl --request POST \
--url http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/ \
--header 'authorization: JWT eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6IlBhYmxvIiwiZXhwIjoxNTU0MDk3ODA3LCJvcmlnSWF0IjoxNTU0MDk3NTA3fQ.GVeGZtN3gq9P_h50q6MQOISL-zjJ8gR9JbAa8Ccc-eo' \
--header 'content-type: application/json' \
mutation {
updateTrack(
trackId: 4
title: "Track 4 updated"
description: "Track 4 Description updated"
url: "https://track4bis.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Not permitted to update this track.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["updateTrack"]
}
],
"data": {
"updateTrack": null
}
}
- If we now use the token from
Juanit should work.
request
url --request POST \
--url http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/ \
--header 'authorization: JWT eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQwOTY1NzcsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQwOTYyNzd9.9uOsoT-Br1oStighcDi1d18Gs2etz_7VJbDYUbBOjq8' \
--header 'content-type: application/json' \
mutation {
updateTrack(
trackId: 4
title: "Track 4 updated"
description: "Track 4 Description updated"
url: "https://track4bis.com"
) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"updateTrack": {
"track": {
"id": "4",
"title": "Track 4 updated",
"description": "Track 4 Description updated",
"url": "https://track4bis.com",
"createdAt": "2019-04-01T05:26:05.536286+00:00",
"postedBy": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
}
}
}
24. Deleting Tracks 4min
- We need to update the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to create the newDeleteTrackMutation.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class UpdateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, track_id, title, url, description):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to update this track.')
track.title = title
track.description = description
track.url = url
track.save()
return UpdateTrack(track=track)
class DeleteTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track_id = graphene.Int()
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to delete this track.')
track.delete()
return DeleteTrack(track_id=track_id)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
update_track = UpdateTrack.Field()
delete_track = DeleteTrack.Field()
- If we try to delete a track without sending the authentication token we receive an error.
request
mutation {
deleteTrack(trackId: 4) {
trackId
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Not permitted to delete this track.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["deleteTrack"]
}
],
"data": {
"deleteTrack": null
}
}
- We need the token for user
Juan
request
mutation {
tokenAuth(username: "Juan", password: "juan") {
token
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tokenAuth": {
"token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQxMzUzNDcsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQxMzUwNDd9.ms6a6BVXzFNt2oKRoX2JoVUAnMU95a1h5lQWC6MKZXw"
}
}
}
- Using
InsomniaI can now delete the track
request
curl --request POST \
--url http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/ \
--header 'authorization: JWT eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQxMzUzNDcsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQxMzUwNDd9.ms6a6BVXzFNt2oKRoX2JoVUAnMU95a1h5lQWC6MKZXw' \
--header 'content-type: application/json' \
mutation {
deleteTrack(trackId: 4) {
trackId
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"deleteTrack": {
"trackId": 4
}
}
}
- We can check that the track is not stored anymore
{
tracks {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
{
"id": "2",
"title": "Track 2",
"description": "Track 2 Description",
"url": "https://track2.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:16:09.192365+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
{
"id": "3",
"title": "Track 3",
"description": "Track 3 Description",
"url": "https://track3.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-31T05:19:36.328234+00:00",
"postedBy": null
}
]
}
}
25. Adding Likes Model / Creating Likes 9min
- We need to update the
app/tracks/models.pydocument to create the newLiketable.
app/tracks/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
# Create your models here.
class Track(models.Model):
# id will be created automatically
title = models.CharField(max_length=50)
# we make it optional by using blank=True
description = models.TextField(blank=True)
url = models.URLField()
# It is automatically populated
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
posted_by = models.ForeignKey(
get_user_model(), null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
class Like(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(
get_user_model(), null=True, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
track = models.ForeignKey(
'tracks.Track', related_name='likes', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
- We also need to execute the
python manage.py makemigrationsandpython manage.py migratecommands to letdjangocreate the new table in the database.
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'tracks':
tracks\migrations\0003_like.py
- Create model Like
app/tracks/migrations/0003_like.py
# Generated by Django 2.1.7 on 2019-04-01 16:26
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
('tracks', '0002_track_posted_by'),
]
operations = [
migrations.CreateModel(
name='Like',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('track', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='likes', to='tracks.Track')),
('user', models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
],
),
]
Juan.Pablo.Perez@RIMDUB-0232 MINGW64 /c/Work/Training/Pre/GraphQL/full-stack-react-python-and-graphql/react-tracks/app (master)
$ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions, tracks
Running migrations:
Applying tracks.0003_like... OK
- We need to update the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to create the newCreateLikeMutation.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track, Like
from users.schema import UserType
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class UpdateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, track_id, title, url, description):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to update this track.')
track.title = title
track.description = description
track.url = url
track.save()
return UpdateTrack(track=track)
class DeleteTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track_id = graphene.Int()
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to delete this track.')
track.delete()
return DeleteTrack(track_id=track_id)
class CreateLike(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Login to like tracks.')
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if not track:
raise Exception('Cannot find track with given track id')
Like.objects.create(
user=user,
track=track
)
return CreateLike(user=user, track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
update_track = UpdateTrack.Field()
delete_track = DeleteTrack.Field()
create_like = CreateLike.Field()
- If we try to run the new mutation we'll get an error because we need to send the authorisation token.
mutation {
createLike(trackId: 1) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Login to like tracks.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["createLike"]
}
],
"data": {
"createLike": null
}
}
- If we execute it with the token
request
curl --request POST \
--url http://127.0.0.1:9000/graphql/ \
--header 'authorization: JWT eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VybmFtZSI6Ikp1YW4iLCJleHAiOjE1NTQxMzUzNDcsIm9yaWdJYXQiOjE1NTQxMzUwNDd9.ms6a6BVXzFNt2oKRoX2JoVUAnMU95a1h5lQWC6MKZXw' \
--header 'content-type: application/json' \
mutation {
createLike(trackId: 1) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"createLike": {
"track": {
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
}
}
26. Querying Likes / Querying Tracks with Associated Likes 3min
- We need to update the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to create the newlikesQuery.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track, Like
from users.schema import UserType
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class LikeType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Like
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
likes = graphene.List(LikeType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
def resolve_likes(self, info):
return Like.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class UpdateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, track_id, title, url, description):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to update this track.')
track.title = title
track.description = description
track.url = url
track.save()
return UpdateTrack(track=track)
class DeleteTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track_id = graphene.Int()
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise Exception('Not permitted to delete this track.')
track.delete()
return DeleteTrack(track_id=track_id)
class CreateLike(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise Exception('Login to like tracks.')
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if not track:
raise Exception('Cannot find track with given track id')
Like.objects.create(
user=user,
track=track
)
return CreateLike(user=user, track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
update_track = UpdateTrack.Field()
delete_track = DeleteTrack.Field()
create_like = CreateLike.Field()
- We can check if the new query works.
{
likes {
id
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"likes": [
{
"id": "1",
"track": {
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null
},
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
}
}
- We can see that the Tracks query has also been updated to include the new likes
{
tracks {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
likes {
id
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": [
{
"id": "1",
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
},
{
"id": "2",
"title": "Track 2",
"description": "Track 2 Description",
"url": "https://track2.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:16:09.192365+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": []
},
{
"id": "3",
"title": "Track 3",
"description": "Track 3 Description",
"url": "https://track3.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-31T05:19:36.328234+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": []
}
]
}
}
27. Error Handling with GraphQLError 3min
Graphql provides a special class that we can use to manage exceptions
We need to update the
app/tracks/schema.pyandapp/users/schema.pydocuments to add the use of theGraphQLErrorclass.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
from graphql import GraphQLError
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track, Like
from users.schema import UserType
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class LikeType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Like
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType)
likes = graphene.List(LikeType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info):
return Track.objects.all()
def resolve_likes(self, info):
return Like.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise GraphQLError('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class UpdateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, track_id, title, url, description):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise GraphQLError('Not permitted to update this track.')
track.title = title
track.description = description
track.url = url
track.save()
return UpdateTrack(track=track)
class DeleteTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track_id = graphene.Int()
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise GraphQLError('Not permitted to delete this track.')
track.delete()
return DeleteTrack(track_id=track_id)
class CreateLike(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise GraphQLError('Login to like tracks.')
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if not track:
raise GraphQLError('Cannot find track with given track id')
Like.objects.create(
user=user,
track=track
)
return CreateLike(user=user, track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
update_track = UpdateTrack.Field()
delete_track = DeleteTrack.Field()
create_like = CreateLike.Field()
app/users/schema.py
import graphene
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
from graphql import GraphQLError
class UserType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = get_user_model()
# to return only the fields included
# only_fields = ('id', 'email', 'password', 'username')
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
user = graphene.Field(UserType, id=graphene.Int(required=True))
me = graphene.Field(UserType)
def resolve_user(self, info, id):
return get_user_model().objects.get(id=id)
def resolve_me(self, info):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise GraphQLError('Not logged in!')
return user
class CreateUser(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
class Arguments:
username = graphene.String(required=True)
password = graphene.String(required=True)
email = graphene.String(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, username, password, email):
user = get_user_model()(
username=username,
email=email
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save()
return CreateUser(user=user)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_user = CreateUser.Field()
- We can see how this error management works by executing a mutation that needs authentication
Request
mutation {
createLike(trackId: 1) {
track {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
}
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
Response
{
"errors": [
{
"message": "Login to like tracks.",
"locations": [
{
"line": 2,
"column": 3
}
],
"path": ["createLike"]
}
],
"data": {
"createLike": null
}
}
28. Adding Full Text Search to our Tracks 7min
- We need to modify the
app/tracks/schema.pydocument to add theSearchfeature for our tracks.
app/tracks/schema.py
.
.
.
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType, search=graphene.String())
likes = graphene.List(LikeType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info, search=None):
if search:
return Track.objects.filter(title__startswith=search)
return Track.objects.all()
.
.
.
- We can try it out
Request
{
tracks(search: "Tr") {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
likes {
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
Response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": [
{
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
},
{
"id": "2",
"title": "Track 2",
"description": "Track 2 Description",
"url": "https://track2.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:16:09.192365+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": []
},
{
"id": "3",
"title": "Track 3",
"description": "Track 3 Description",
"url": "https://track3.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-31T05:19:36.328234+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": []
}
]
}
}
Request
{
tracks(search: "r") {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
likes {
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
Response
{
"data": {
"tracks": []
}
}
- We can use
icontainsto search any text.
app/tracks/schema.py
.
.
.
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType, search=graphene.String())
likes = graphene.List(LikeType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info, search=None):
if search:
return Track.objects.filter(title__icontains=search)
return Track.objects.all()
.
.
.
Request
{
tracks(search: "1") {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
likes {
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
Response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": [
{
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
}
]
}
}
- We are going to use the
Django Gobject to be able to search by some other fields.
app/tracks/schema.py
import graphene
from graphene_django import DjangoObjectType
from graphql import GraphQLError
from django.db.models import Q
# We import the Track model to avoid defining it again
from .models import Track, Like
from users.schema import UserType
class TrackType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Track
class LikeType(DjangoObjectType):
class Meta:
model = Like
class Query(graphene.ObjectType):
tracks = graphene.List(TrackType, search=graphene.String())
likes = graphene.List(LikeType)
def resolve_tracks(self, info, search=None):
if search:
filter = (
Q(title__icontains=search) |
Q(description__icontains=search) |
Q(url__icontains=search) |
Q(posted_by__username__icontains=search)
)
return Track.objects.filter(filter)
return Track.objects.all()
def resolve_likes(self, info):
return Like.objects.all()
class CreateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
# We can use **kwargs instead of the list of parameters
# def mutate(self, info, **kwargs):
def mutate(self, info, title, description, url):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise GraphQLError('Log in to add a track.')
track = Track(title=title, description=description,
url=url, posted_by=user)
track.save()
return CreateTrack(track=track)
class UpdateTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
title = graphene.String()
description = graphene.String()
url = graphene.String()
def mutate(self, info, track_id, title, url, description):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise GraphQLError('Not permitted to update this track.')
track.title = title
track.description = description
track.url = url
track.save()
return UpdateTrack(track=track)
class DeleteTrack(graphene.Mutation):
track_id = graphene.Int()
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if track.posted_by != user:
raise GraphQLError('Not permitted to delete this track.')
track.delete()
return DeleteTrack(track_id=track_id)
class CreateLike(graphene.Mutation):
user = graphene.Field(UserType)
track = graphene.Field(TrackType)
class Arguments:
track_id = graphene.Int(required=True)
def mutate(self, info, track_id):
user = info.context.user
if user.is_anonymous:
raise GraphQLError('Login to like tracks.')
track = Track.objects.get(id=track_id)
if not track:
raise GraphQLError('Cannot find track with given track id')
Like.objects.create(
user=user,
track=track
)
return CreateLike(user=user, track=track)
class Mutation(graphene.ObjectType):
create_track = CreateTrack.Field()
update_track = UpdateTrack.Field()
delete_track = DeleteTrack.Field()
create_like = CreateLike.Field()
Request
{
tracks(search: "https") {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
likes {
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
Response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "1",
"title": "Track 1",
"description": "Track 1 Description",
"url": "https://track1.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:15:19.730976+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": [
{
"user": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
},
{
"id": "2",
"title": "Track 2",
"description": "Track 2 Description",
"url": "https://track2.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-30T18:16:09.192365+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": []
},
{
"id": "3",
"title": "Track 3",
"description": "Track 3 Description",
"url": "https://track3.com",
"createdAt": "2019-03-31T05:19:36.328234+00:00",
"postedBy": null,
"likes": []
}
]
}
}
Request
{
tracks(search: "Juan") {
id
title
description
url
createdAt
postedBy {
id
username
email
}
likes {
user {
id
username
email
}
}
}
}
Response
{
"data": {
"tracks": [
{
"id": "5",
"title": "Track 4",
"description": "Track 4 Description",
"url": "https://track4.com",
"createdAt": "2019-04-01T17:41:21.522595+00:00",
"postedBy": {
"id": "2",
"username": "Juan",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
},
"likes": [
{
"user": {
"id": "3",
"username": "Pablo",
"email": "juan@msn.com"
}
}
]
}
]
}
}